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Urban PM2.5 concentrations presented as multi-annual average in the EU, 2008–2010
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The three-year running mean of PM2.5 concentrations (2008–2010) is similar to the method used to calculate the average exposure indicator. Compiled data reflects background (non-traffic and non-industrial) urban and suburban stations.
Results for countries marked with an asterisk are based on less than three years of data.
The orange dots correspond to figures provided by the EU Member States in the air quality questionnaire.
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Attainment situation for SO2, reference years 2010, 2005, 2001
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The graphs are based on the 99.2 percentile of daily mean concentration values corresponding to the 4th highest daily mean; they present the range of concentrations at all station types (in μg/m3) officially reported by the EU Member States and how the concentrations relate to the limit value set by EU legislation (marked by the red line).
The diagram indicates the lowest and highest observations, the means and the lower and upper quartiles. The lower quartile splits the lowest 25 % of the data and the upper quartile splits the highest 25 % of the data.
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Trend in annual mean CO concentrations (2001–2010) per station type
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All stations in EU Member States, with at least 75 % data coverage for at least eight years were included in the analysis. Concentrations per station type are given in mg/m3. In the diagram a geographical bias exists towards central Europe where there is a higher density of stations
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Sulphur dioxide 2009. Annual limit value for the protection of ecosystems
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In the air quality directive (2008/EC/50), the EU has set two limit values for sulphur dioxide (SO2) for the protection of vegetation within the zones designated by member states: the SO2 annual mean value may not exceed 20 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m3) and the SO2 mean value for the winter period (1 October to 31 March) may not exceed 20 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m3).
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Air pollutant emission limits exceeded in twelve EU Member States
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Twelve Member States exceeded one or more of the emission limits set by the EU National Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive, according to recent official data for 2010 reported to the European Environment Agency (EEA). In some instances the limits were exceeded by significant amounts.
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Avoiding harmful ozone pollution this summer
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High summer temperatures combined with air pollution can cause ground-level ozone to form, which has serious effects on health, especially for older people or children, or those with asthma and other breathing problems. The European Environment Agency (EEA) presents some useful information on protecting your health from ground-level ozone this summer.
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4th highest 24-hour mean SO2 concentration observed at urban stations, 2001-2010 (EU-27)
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Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Cyprus, Denmark, Finland and Malta, are not included due to missing availability of operational urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations in the Urban Audit cities.
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Rural concentration map of the ozone indicator AOT40 for crops, year 2009
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AOT40 for crops are vegatation exposure related indicators and are based on rural background station observation only.
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Exposure of forest area to ozone (exposure expressed as AOT40 in (μg/m³).h) in EEA member countries
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The figure shows the exposure of forest area to ozone (exposure expressed as AOT40f in (μg/m3).h) in EEA member countries . By the UNECE a critical level for protection of forest is set to 10000 (μg/m3).hour. Since 2004 a growing number of EEA member countries have been included. In 2004 Bulgaria, Greece, Iceland, Norway, Romania, Switzerland, and Turkey have not been included. In 2005-2006 Iceland, Norway Switzerland and Turkey are still excluded in the analyses due to lack of detailed land cover data and/or rural ozone data. In 2007 Switzerland and Turkey are not included. Since 2008 only Turkey is not included. Calculations of forest exposure are not available for year prior to 2004.
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Annual variation in the ozone AOT40 value for crops (May-July) in (μg/m³).h, 1996-2009
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Average values over all rural stations which reported data over at least eleven years in the period 1996-2009. The black line corresponds to the 5-year averaged value. Variations over Europe in observed values is large, eighty percent of the observations falls with the red shaded area.
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