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Change in PM2.5 emissions for each sector and pollutant 1990-2009 (EEA member countries)
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Percentage change in primary PM2.5 particulate matter emissions for each sector and pollutant between 1990 and 2009.
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Contribution of different sectors (energy and non-energy) to total emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3, 2009, EEA-32
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The figue shows the contribution of different sectors (energy and non-energy)
to total emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3
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Sulphur dioxide SO2 emissions (APE 001) - Assessment published Dec 2011
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EEA-32 emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) have decreased by 76% between 1990 and 2009. In 2009, the most significant sectoral source of SO X emissions was Energy production and distribution (70%), followed by emissions occurring from Energy use in industry (13%) and in the Commercial, institutional and households (9%) sector. The reduction in emissions since 1990 has been achieved as a result of a combination of measures, including fuel-switching in energy-related sectors away from high sulphur-containing solid and liquid fuels to low sulphur fuels such as natural gas, the fitting of flue gas desulphurisation abatement technology in industrial facilities and the impact of European Union directives relating to the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels. All of the EU-27 Member States have already reduced their national SO X emissions below the level of the 2010 emission ceilings set in the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD). Emissions in 2009 for the three non-EU countries having emission ceilings set under the UNECE/CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol (Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) were also below the level of the respective 2010 ceilings. Environmental context: Sulphur dioxide is emitted when fuels containing sulphur are combusted. It is a pollutant which contributes to acid deposition which in turn can lead to potential changes occurring in soil and water quality. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. SO X emissions also contribute as a secondary particulate pollutant to formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere, an important air pollutant in terms of its adverse impact on human health.
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Sulphur dioxide SO2 emissions
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions (APE 003) - Assessment published Dec 2011
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EEA-32 emissions of NH 3 have declined by 26% between the years 1990 and 2009. Agriculture was responsible for 94% of NH 3 emissions in 2009.
The reduction in emissions within the agricultural sector is primarily due to a reduction in livestock numbers (especially cattle) since 1990, changes in the handling and management of organic manures and from the decreased use of nitrogenous fertilisers. The reductions achieved in the agricultural sector have been marginally offset by the increased emissions which have occurred during this period in transport sectors and to a lesser extent the ‘Solvent and product use’ sector.
In general, Member States have made excellent progress in reducing emissions below the level of their respective emission ceilings set in the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD). Preliminary data released by EEA in February 2011 show that 26 of the 27 EU Member States report that they have achieved their ceilings. Finland is the only Member State which has exceeded its 2010 ceiling.
Three non-EU countries have emission ceilings set under the UNECE/CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol (i.e. Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland). The preliminary data recently received from these countries indicates only Liechtenstein has not met its 2010 emission ceiling.
Environmental context: NH 3 contributes to acid deposition and eutrophication. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. Eutrophication can lead to severe reductions in water quality with subsequent impacts including decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. NH 3 also contributes to the formation of secondary particulate aerosols, an important air pollutant due to its adverse impacts on human health.
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions
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Exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone (CSI 005) - Assessment published May 2012
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Eutrophication The magnitude of the risk of
ecosystem eutrophication and its geographical coverage has diminished
only slightly over the years. The predictions for 2010 and 2020 indicate
that the risk is still widespread over Europe. This is in conflict with
the EU's long-term objective of not exceeding critical loads of
airborne acidifying and eutrophying substances in sensitive ecosystem
areas (National Emission Ceilings Directive, 6th Environmental Action
Programme, Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution).
Acidification The situation has considerably
improved and it is predicted to improve further. The interim
environmental objective for 2010 (National Emission Ceilings Directive)
will most likely not be met completely. However, the European ecosystem
areas where the critical load will be exceeded is predicted to have
declined by more than 80 % in 2010 with 1990 as a base year. By 2020, it
is expected that the risk of ecosystem acidification will only be an
issue at some hot spots, in particular at the border area between the
Netherlands and Germany.
Ozone (O 3 ) Most
vegetation and agricultural crops are exposed to ozone levels exceeding the
long-term objective given in the EU Air Quality Directive. A significant
fraction is also exposed to levels above the 2010 target value defined in the
Directive. Concentrations in 2008 were on the average higher than in 2007. The
effect-related accumulated concentrations, addressing exposure of crops to
ozone over several summer months, shows large year-to-year variations, there is
a non-significance tendency to increase.
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Exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone
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Emissions of primary particulate matter and secondary particulate matter precursors (CSI 003) - Assessment published Dec 2011
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Total emissions of primary PM 10 particulate matter have reduced by 27% across the EEA-32 region between 1990 and 2009, driven by a 34% reduction in emissions of the fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) fraction; emissions of particulates between 2.5 and 10 µm have risen slightly (10%) over the same period.
Of this reduction in PM 10 emissions, 37% has taken place in the 'Energy Production and Distribution' sector due reasons including the fuel-switching from coal to natural gas for electricity generation and improvements in the performance of pollution abatement equipment installed at industrial facilities.
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Emissions of primary particulate matter and secondary particulate matter precursors
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Change (%) in PAH emissions 1990-2009 (EEA member countries)
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The reported change in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emissions for each country, 1990-2009.
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Sector split of emissions of selected POPs (EEA member countries)
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The contribution made by different sectors to emissions of: HCB - hexachlorobenzene, HCH - hexachlorocyclohexane, PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls; dioxins & furans; and PAHs - polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
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Change in CO emissions for each sector 1990-2009 (EEA member countries)
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Percentage change in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for each sector between 1990 and 2009.
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Change in emissions of nitrogen oxides compared with the 2010 NECD and Gothenburg protocol targets (EEA member countries)
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The reported change in nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) for each country, 1990-2009, in comparison with the 2010 NECD and Gothenburg protocol targets.
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